Coastal engineering consisted of shoreline armoring structures (e.g., seawalls, revetments, groins, break waters), artificial land (i.e., land fill), and piers. Artificial shoreline, rip rap, and artificial structures were extracted from NOAA Environmental Sensitivity Index (2001) line data and NOAA habitat maps (2007) and validated with high resolution imagery. Note that the above datasets include Hawaiian fishpond walls as artificial man made shoreline structures. Resulting features were converted to raster and merged with all resulting pixels receiving a value of 1. To represent altered flow dynamics and offshore effects of coastal modification, focal statistics was used to create a 500 m buffer area with values ranging from 0.01 - 0.5 in proportion to how heavily modified the surrounding shoreline was.